Communication and Information p3 Essay

There are many different methods of communication. These can be divided into two different categories: Electronic (non-written), and Non-Electronic (written). Methods of communication that would come under Written Communication would be things like:   Letter   Memos   Reports   Fax   Invoices   Flow charts Publicity materials SMS (Text Message) Methods of communications that would come under Electronic Communication would be things along the lines of: Telephone   Video conferencing. Meetings Both Written Communication and Electronic Communication have their advantages. These advantages differ depending on the audience which is being addressed. The recipient is very important when it comes to the type of communication that is being used. Within The Organisation Within the organisation the methods of communication that I would use would be things like:   Memos – To help the staff members who are higher up on the food chain remember certain tasks that have set upon them. Reports – To view any progress or falls being happening within the organisation. Reports are a good way to do this as they are detailed.   Meetings – In an organisation, it is inevitable that there will be meetings held. These are usually used to discuss improvement, the current status of the organisation, and to get staff to contribute their ideas. Customers These are the methods of communication that I would use to communicate with the customers:   Publicity Materials – To tell the truth, this is an obvious one really. The way to get customers is through publicity. If your organisation is a well known one, it is more likely to prosper.   Advertisements – In my opinion, advertisements should be used by all major and even small organisations. These should outline things like services provided and special offers to attract more customers. Suppliers Here are some of the methods of communications I would use to communicate with suppliers of goods etc. :   Letters – These are a great way of communicating and people have been using them for centuries. I would use letters to communicate with suppliers because it is not a long time consuming method of communicating. You just write what you need to say, put it in an envelope, post it, and the recipient gets it the next day.   Telephone – This is one of the simplest, most direct ways of communicating with people today. Talking with suppliers on the telephone would mean that all of the business involving matters like deliveries, times, amounts, and other things can all be sorted out in a matter of minutes.

Internet safety securityn privacy Essay

Introduction Microsoft has established partnership with American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) in order to ensure online safety of children. This program provides guidelines for family safety and to protect children from developing psychological disturbances on social issues. AAP has a vast number of pediatricians in U. S. and it has second place as largest physician organization in the world which is promoting health and welfare to all children. Microsoft company which is a giant in computer software predicts that future generation of children required to possess extensive knowledge about Internet whereas, it should be lead by limitations of dos and don’ts on Internet browsing, which if not guided results in adverse impact both for parents and children. In this effort, AAP records a total of 96 million of school-age children per year and apart from promoting health care, AAP would also provide Internet safety measures for children. â€Å"We are pleased to see that the AAP and its members are striving to make Internet safety education a part of routine clinical care for children,† (Adrienne Hall, Senior Director of Trustworthy Computing at Microsoft) Microsoft has several guidelines for each age group. Viz. , using family contracts, 10 things to teach kids, computer security tips for students, steps to improve family’web security, minimizing risk from online predators, a bank of tips and tools to help parents and a video to teach kids how to be safe online. In fact there are many points that have to be noticed by children before entering online surfing. First and foremost, parents must be present while children are online and secondly, identify the purpose of surfing such as whether it is for the purpose of education, online games, chatting, shopping or for any other purpose. Thirdly, encourage children to enter through search engines, explaining the importance of finding good sources of information for education purposes, or directly by having an accurate web site address / URL . This enables children to click on a particular link that is required for further information. For instance, children above the age of 6yrs usually are quick to learn about online skills and enjoy playing online games. In such case, parents must take initiative to find a web site which contains free online games which are both educative and entertaining viz. , math games, puzzle games, doll games and many other sport games. Parents must explain that by typing â€Å"online games† in google search engine a plethora of games websites are displayed which are good and entertaining for children. Children are very smart than parents, with the fact that anything explained once is remembered and from the very next minute, children pick up so fast in learning concepts. Therefore, it is the responsibility of parents and teachers to teach online safety measures to children for the health and benefit of children. Step by step guidance is what is required for children instead of blackboard teaching. Teaching through videos, online training are some of the best methods to teach children how important it is to tread safely on Internet. There must be a friendly and warm atmosphere at the time of parents participation with children while teaching internet skills. Many a times, children do not agree or parents disagree with the online surfing. In such instance, rules must be framed as a formal contract that would be signed by both parents and children. In this manner, children would be compelled to listen to what parents teach about online skills. Apart from this open discussion, also brings good results with the fact that, when parents ask questions about Internet surfing, children get encouraged and begin to provide a great amount of information which enables parents to realize whether children are entering any unacceptable web areas or zones. There are quite a danger zones that harm children to the developing personality especially, information on weapons, forbidden web sites for children age and above all harmful images that trigger the emotions of innocent kids. Even chatting rooms have to be checked by parents, with the fact that at times, net friends provide false age and false information whereby children begin to build friendship with the above age group and ultimately fall prey as a victim to the net criminals/hackers. Children are even motivated to disappear from parents and especially in western world, parents suffered a great loss for not being aware of Internet in the primary stage of its launch. With some of these negative effects, Microsoft has even designed a code of conduct that must be signed between parents and children which is reproduced as below: â€Å"Online code-of-Conduct Contract. I will: Talk with my parents to learn the rules for using the Internet, including where I can go, what I can do, when I can go online, and how long I can be online ( ___ minutes or ___ hours). Never give out personal information such as my home address, telephone number, my parents’ work address or telephone number, credit card numbers, or the name and location of my school without my parents’ permission. Always tell my parents immediately if I see or receive anything on the Internet that makes me feel uncomfortable or threatened, including e-mail messages, Web sites, or even anything in the regular mail from Internet friends. Never agree to meet anyone in person that I have met online, without my parent’s permission. Never send pictures of myself or other family members to other people through the Internet or regular mail without first checking with my parents. Never give out my Internet passwords to anyone (even my best friends) other than my parents. Not do anything online that could hurt or anger other people or that is against the law. Never download, install, or copy anything from disks or the Internet without proper permission. Never do anything on the Internet that costs money without first asking permission from my parents. Let my parents know my Internet logon and chat names, listed below: _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ _____________________ Name (child) _______________________ Date ____________ Parent or guardian _______________________ Date ____________ Several hours of browsing may also be harmful to the sensitive eyes of children which is why there should be a protective screen on computer monitor, otherwise there is every possibility of backache, development of eyesight, and even dark circles around eyes. It is important to take note here that children should be instructed to blink eyes every second and staring at web sites while playing games or visiting web sites without blinking eyes, causes lot of eye sight problems. Conclusion Internet is truly benefiting to children wherein children are educated at a fast pace as never before through blackboard teaching whereas measures of care would yield good results. Reference Protect your family : Beyond the basics, Prevention guidelines Accessed January 28, 2008 http://www. microsoft. com/protect/family/guidelines/default. mspx.

Aint No Makin It

In this paper I will explore some concepts that I saw that were prevalent in her undercover research. Weberian Sociology The first concept that I immediately grasped was Max Weber’s theory of stratification of equality. Weber’s view of stratification differed from the one-dimensional class theory of Karl Marx. Weber theorized that there are three different factors that help shape class formation, class status, and party. All but the latter of the three were evident in the book. The first notion of Weber’s notion on class stated that people with common occupations, earning approximately similar incomes, constitute a class. Marger p. 39) In each city that she worked in the living conditions and earnings were about the same, most of her coworkers had living arrangements that involved sharing housing with someone other than their spouse, if they had one. Another trait that was displayed from here coworkers in each city was the proximity of where they lived into relat ion to where they worked. Transportation plays a key role in life chances for people. If a person is mobile they may go for that higher paying job on the other side of town. Weber’s second theory of social stratification of inequality, status, was made evident while Barbara was working in Maine. While Barbara worked in Maine as a maid she noticed how convenience store clerks, who made $. 65 less than she made an hour, look at her and her coworkers as if they were beneath them. Another example of this was when she stated that everywhere she went people looked at the uniform and instantly regarded her and her coworkers as lower class citizens. People saw there green and yellow uniforms like the white and black stripes of a convict and that their style of life isn’t as good as people in their social class. One particular instance when she bought a beer from the grocery store she could feel the cold stares that implied that the reason she had that maid job was because all her money was going to support her alcohol habit; even though Barbara has a PH. D and probably made more money than many of them all they saw was a lower class citizen. Social Mobility Another sociological concept that prevalent of the working poor that was portrayed in the book was the theory of social mobility. It will be difficult for many of Barbara’s ex-coworkers to ever move into a different class because mobility rates in the U. S. have been on a decline over the past five decades. It is said in America that everyone can lace up their boots and pull themselves out of poverty but mobility is getting harder to accomplish. One factor of mobility is marriage; statistical data has said that women that never marry are 16% to 19% more likely to fall out of the middle class. Barbara worked with three females, Gail, Annette, and Marianne, who all fell into this statistic. Two of the three women lived with boyfriends but since they were not married it will be statically harder to make their way up the class ladder . Married women usually benefit from their husbands class and prestige; â€Å"shacking up† is not conducive to women making a climb up the ladder. Gender is another factor that hinders mobility; although the workplace has gotten better the fact still remains that women are still far behind men. In this system of inequality women have to work harder and are not usually respected as much as men. In lower paying jobs, like the ones Barbara worked, most of her coworkers were woman with a man being their immediate supervisor; the only exception was Linda which was her supervisor at the nursing home she worked at in Maine. This injustice to women played a major role in her life as an undercover journalist. Immigration to United States also dictates class mobility. Barbara worked with people from Haiti and the Czech Republic. The movement of immigrants moving up the class ladder is getting harder to accomplish. The lower paying jobs that they had were jobs that many Americans do not want to do but Americans blame the immigrants for taking â€Å"good† jobs away from naturalized citizens, which in all actuality the immigrates create as many jobs as they take. (Marger p. 34) The current trend is that Americans look at unskilled foreign citizens as a burden and hindrance to the economic growth to America. Americans forget that their great great grandfathers and great – great grandmothers came to this country looking for a better opportunity for their families and that they often had to jobs and work in conditions that most people did not want to work in. The lack of generational mobility was also displayed in the book. Social mobility can also be measured from one generation to another, how well the children of the previous generation do in their lives and workplace. I mentioned earlier that one of the women who Barbara worked with was unmarried, Annette, well she has another tribulation that will hinder her movement up the social ladder; she lives with her mom. Instead of creating upward mobility for herself and her family she has gone down, Annette’s mother worked as a postal clerk. The social mobility of Annette’s family took a vertical turn downward and it’s highly unlikely that her life chances will promote upward growth. Horatio Alger Jr. The mythical days of success stories portrayed in Horatio Alger Jr. s books are long gone. Horatio Alger Jr. wrote and published stories were young men were able to change their class system and life chances by working hard to gain economic and social success. (Marger p. 98) In his stories the young man always worked hard and had good moral values to make it out of poverty. This concept inspired workers back then but the farce of the books still apply in today’s society. One far ce of his books is that one can work harder only by working hard. A person can work hard all their lives and still not vertically move up the social ladder. One question that rises to me is what the definition of hard work is; is hard work physical, mental, and/or both. In the book Barbara worked so hard that she had to ingest a heap of ibuprofen pills just to make it through the day; the deterioration of her body showed that she worked hard but the fact remained that neither Barbara or her coworkers could not move up the corporate ladder in the companies that they worked at. Alger Jr. Books also portrayed young men as heroes, excluding women, minorities, and immigrants. Times have changed since his books were published; there are women, minorities, and immigrants in the modern workforce. These groups have entered the Caucasian male driven workforce to have the same opportunities of their white counterparts. Although in modern times the inequality of the groups has closed a meniscal amount each year those groups will never be the same across the board. Social Functions of Poverty The 2nd part of poverty, the political economy of capitalism, according to structural sociologist explains that poverty results from the way the economy and government operate. America is set to be a capitalistic society; in capitalistic society corporations profit first objective. Corporations decide where to do business and structure employment and employee hours to maximize profits. The inequality of these practices was blatant in every city that Barbara worked in. Barbara first victimized to this practice while working as a waitress at the Hearthside Diner. The diner did not have a break room for employees. The employees were not allowed to have idle time, there was always something to clean, resupply, or make more visually pleasing. The objective of this was to get the employees to work continuously through their shifts without breaks. The practice of this theory could also be seen while Barbara was working in Minnesota at Wal-Mart, the store had a policy that employees were not allowed to â€Å"time steal† ; all associates were told to always look for something to complete in the store. Wal-Mart also cross-trains it associates in different departments in order to be well-rounded; this is a capitalistic practice for validating not giving the employees a decent wage, if one employee has knowledge about many areas of the store then the company can maximize profits by just hiring one person to do the job instead of hiring more that are specialized in that particular section. A dentist is a doctor but I would not want the dentist to perform open heart surgery on me because the dentist is only specialized to work on teeth. The best way to explain our capitalistic society is to quote Gail, Barbara’s coworker and training partner in Florida, said it best â€Å"They don’t cut you no slack. You give and you give, and they take. †(Nickel and Dimed p. 22); because of these practices Gail vowed never to work for a corporation again. Economic Function of Poverty The 1st point of the economic function theory is that poor perform the dirty work of society because they have little choice to do other jobs. Barbara’s coworkers were unskilled laborers so their opportunities for better employment were limited to jobs that require service instead of a skilled job. Another example of this in book was the story of Isabelle. Isabelle was a coworker of Barbara in Minnesota that previously worked as a waitress; she worked at a high class restaurant but when the restaurant closed she had to work at Wal-Mart because the available high class restaurants would not hire her because of her age. The 2nd point of the economic function of poverty is that since poor people receive little wages that subsidize the rich and middle class. Over the past thirty years manufacturing jobs have been downsized or outsourced to other countries, most of the jobs in America now are service jobs. The jobs that Barbara worked at were all jobs that catered to servicing people’s needs and wants. The jobs that are offered to lower class citizens make the lives of the rich and middle class make life more â€Å"convenient†, the mind state of the rich and poor is I don’t want to do this so I can pay someone to do it for me. The rich and middle class in today’s society rely on the underprivileged to do the work. There is not a caste system in America with serfs, but the two share similar values. Slavery in Modern Form The modern system of slavery in America has transformed from owning people to controlling people through economic exploitation. One technique of corporations to control the lives of their employees to implement the practice of a pre-job drug screen; in today’s society companies want to know want their employees do in their personal lives. Although studies have shown that pre-employment testing does not lower turnover rates or absenteeism it is still a practice. I believe that employers should probe into the personal lives of their employees, what one does in their own time and not on the companies’ clock should not matter until it affects their performance on the job. Today’s society and companies assume that all lower class people do drugs that will hinder them from performing their jobs at an optimal level. The fact is that people from every class ingest drugs into their bodies; the drug cocaine is preferred by other classes because the drug does not remain in the body for an extended period of time. Barbara had to experience this form of slavery when she applied for a job at Wal-Mart and Winn-Dixie in Minnesota. Barbara had to spend extra money on a detoxification drink that she did not really have, lower her sodium intake, and drink plenty of water to get marijuana out her system just to have employment at Wal-Mart. Another example of employers assuming that workers use drugs was in Florida; the manager of the Hearthside Diner, Stu, assumed that the George was stilling money for drug, but in fact it was him that stealing money from the cash registrar. Religion Karl Marx examined the relationship between religious values and its effects on the economy; he concluded that the two things are essentially the result of capitalism; one cannot exist without the other. Marx examined this and published a book The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism which detailed the relationship between the two. Early protestant religious figures believed that working to acquire material success and wealth was an indicator that God chose that person to enter heaven and this believe is still practiced today. I believe that relationship to be true but do not believe in the philosophy behind it. Barbara visited a church tent revival in Maine and was preached on how Jesus gave up his life for the sins of his followers. I used to attend church regularly and I always wondered why the church would always ask for money to support different things within the church, tithing was pushed the most. Tithing requires that one give the church at least 10% of their income, if people work and can barely make it on the low wages they earn it astonishes me how they give money to the church every week. I also agree with Barbara’s notion that Jesus was a sociologist, Jesus worked spreading the word of God and performing miracles but he was never paid for doing them. Barbara also mentioned in the book that the churches were always the place to go when one is down on their luck or experiencing tough times; she noted that one of the first things people said was to get help at a church. Once again the church, because of people’s cultural values, is the center point focused on the poor. I believe that church reality wanted to end the poverty cycle and help people in poverty that the church would use their political power to stop poverty instead of lobbying in Congress to pass laws that hinder the poor. In conclusion Barbara Ehenreich’s book, Nickel and Dimed, had many sociological concepts within her travels from Florida, Maine, and finally Minnesota. The jobs low wage jobs she took to see how lower class people survive gave validity to many of the sociological concepts I have learned in this class. There are many other concepts that were evident in the book but the concepts of Weberian Sociology, Social Mobility, Horatio Alger Jr. , Social Functions of Poverty, Slavery in Modern Form, and Religion were instantly apparent . The book gave deeper insight on how lower class people survive from low wages and demeaning jobs to make higher class people’s lives better.

Costcos Business Model Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Costcos Business Model - Research Paper Example Costco gains revenue not only from individual membership, but also households, and companies. This membership revenue pool is fixed for the year and in 2008 generated $1.5 billion. The main part of the business is literally to please the customer by having the best price. Everything else is based on that concept. Customer's have the ultimate say in what will be bought and sold. Costco doesnt want to have inventory that the customer has no desire for and thus inventory that will be slow moving. Thus Costco watches for specific characteristics of inventory which they will purchase and efficiently deliver to the customer at a price below its competitors. Another part of Costco's business model is the fact that Costco owns 80% of its retail operation stores. This investment in real estate allows Costco to avoid paying lease costs thus cutting down on operating costs. This cost reduction can further allow Costco to concentrate on having a low price, high volume merchandise business model. Also the membership fees can be allocated to purchasing buildings within a year or two since to access the savings the customers provide revenue outright. This can save Costco on long term debt if managed properly. Yes its a good model because due to their memberships customers are more likely to buy directly from them and with a certain level of guaranteed revenue, prices can be low with the assumption that volume will be high. Volume is never guaranteed but Costco can operate on this assumption because it is more than likely that the customer will do daily shopping for groceries in the case of the individual, and household while more than likely that businesses will purchase supplies through Costco in order to purchase office supplies. The only issue with the model is that when customers purchase in bulk, it is likely that the need for the product will be low for a considerable amount of time. If an individual purchases 5-10 boxes of energy efficient light bulbs, that customer is unlikely to come back for more light bulbs for a long time and the same can be said of companies and households. On the other hand it could be likely that the customer purchasing in bulk could be selling each bulb. 2. What are the chief elements of Costco’s strategy? How good is the strategy? â€Å"Low prices, a limited product line and limited selection, and a â€Å"treasure hunt† shopping environment†, are a few of the chief elements of Costco's strategy. They accomplish this by having rapid inventory turnover, less handling, efficient distribution, operating efficiency and â€Å"offering members very low prices on a limited selection of nationally branded and select private-label products in a wide range of merchandise categories.† Costco also only kept the best bargains on the shelves with little advertising and deciding on a growth strategy focusing on opening more warehouses and developing a loyal customer base. This is good strategy all around for a variety of reasons. Here is a breakdown of some of the major efficiencies Costco obtained: Due to the fact that they are able to receive cash before the payable is due, Costco didn't have to worry about carrying extra capital throughout the year in order to meet vendor payments. Therefore Costco was able to take advantage of discounts while obtaining direct financing from the vendor's. By doing this Costco was able to pass on part of the savings to customers and obviously retain some of the savings as profit. The way that Costco was able to provide such low prices to its member was that it only sought a 14 percent margin on national brands as opposed to the 20-50% that most other discount

What is Branding Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

What is Branding - Essay Example An example of a company with a strong brand is Starbucks Cafà ©. Another company that has excelled due to its marketing strategy is McDonalds. McDonalds spends over $2 billion in advertising each year to solidify its brand value (O’brian). One of the greatest benefits of a branding strategy is that it improves customer loyalty. Customer loyalty is a great benefit because it provides companies with a steady inflow of income. Not all products are suited for the application of a branding strategy. Commodities such as gold, silver, copper, petroleum, and rice are not suitable for a branding strategy because its price fluctuates daily in stock exchanges such as NYSE, NASDAQ, and LSE. Companies that operate in industries in which there is intense competition do not benefit from branding strategies as much as firms in other industries, but branding can be use to differentiate the company. Differentiation allows firms to operate in niche markets where branding can be effective. Another advantage of using branding to differentiate is that it reduces competition. In the case of a pricing war the use of branding is not suitable because the cost associated with the implementation of a branding strategy will further deplete the operating margins of the company. O’brian, K. 4 May 2012. â€Å"How McDonalds Came Back Bigger Than Ever.† The New York Times. 8 February 2013.

Intellectual Property Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Intellectual Property - Essay Example The law offers rights of control to the creators of literary works, films, music, artistic works, software, and typographical agreement of printed editions on the way their work may be engaged. The mentioned rights include; public performances and broadcast, adapting, lending copies, copying, as well as renting. Copyright is an automatic work, which arises when a person or a company creates something new (Holland, 2007). In order for one to qualify for this right, the work created should be considered as innovative, and display or unveil some degree of skill, labor, or judgment. For a party to receive the protection of copyright, their works must be interpreted in regard to independence creation instead of the notion behind that creation. For instance; if one writes a book, the idea of the book itself may not be protected, however, the actual content in that book would be protected. A different person has a right and, is entitled to write a book employing the same idea as long as they do not copy the owner’s idea or adapt it when writing their works (Bouchoux, 2009). Generally, the person or a group who authored the original work exclusively owns the work, which is referred as â€Å"first owner of copyright† according to the Act of 1988. However, if this work is created and formed as part of occupation, then the company will actually be the first owner, this being the employer of the person who created the work (Davies, & Cheng, 2011). Titles, colors, names, and short phrases are not normally put into consideration as unique or ample and extensive enough to be taken into consideration, though designs such as a logo, which combines these features may be covered. In other words, works that prompt anotion may be secured and protected, but the idea behind that work may not. Commissioned or freelance work generallygoes to the author, unless there is a contract, which is an agreement for the service. Similarto any otheradditional asset, copyright can be sold or

Descriptive annotated bibilograhy Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Descriptive bibilograhy - Annotated Bibliography Example The author is an expert on his subject having spent 25 years designing, and then analyzing, and reporting on both military experiments and tests carried out in the operational field. This long document contains such things as definitions and principles to be followed an dins concerned with moving on from the industrial age into the age of technology without discarding all earlier knowledge. It considers hierarchies within the military, but is also willing to take in ideas from the private sector where these are relevant. It describes the characteristics required of forces in the 21st century , including the ability to integrate and co-operate, working with many different agencies as required. It has an excellent bibliography on related topics. The authors are both experts in their fields, Dr Alberts being concerned with research and planning and Dr Hayes being an expert in the multidisciplinary analyses of command as well as in concerned with control as well as intelligence, and issues of national security. This extensive paper is another of a series of related documents from the Center for Advanced Concepts and Technology. It is concerned with a global view - one which had its beginnings in informal links and which is now much more extensive and interconnected, considering how basic is the whole idea of how groups are formed, and how they interact and overlap. It looks at the present situation, or very recent events, but also on into the future. The vulnerability of various methods of communication is considered using real example such as the Falklands War. The index is extensive and easy to use and there is also a catalog of related works from the CACT. The authors look back far into history and somehow connect ideas from those times to modern situations. This document describes how network centric warfare can become reality by looking into the future. It considers such important matters as training and education, security in a fast

Unit ii assesment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Unit ii assesment - Coursework Example ure of an organization starts with the founders of the company and thus it flows from management downwards and it becomes acquired by new people joining the company which forms a habit of the organization. Corporate culture can be subdivided into major constituencies such as the customers, investors, government and the community and methods of operation styles such as risk taking, innovation conservative among others. A good and healthy culture increases the productivity of a company but an unhealthy culture decreases the growth of a company. A company with a healthy culture makes the employee feel as part of the company, they work as a team to help in the overall success of the company. A successful company motivates their employees to increase their productivity and level commitment which improves the quality of their products and services while an unhealthy corporate culture makes their employees feel like individuals who tend to work for their paychecks and thus not go an extra mile this leads to the failure of goals attainment of the project. For a successful project to be achieved there is need for a clear explanation and sharing of the vision of the company to everyone in the company. â€Å"Let your vision for the company becomes their vision for the company† (Malley, 2000). A well defined vision motivates the workers to understand their roles and what to do in order to help in the achievement of the set objectives or goals. But a poor defined vision or a company with no vision is reactive and will seldom lead to project failures. A corporate culture that values equality will lead to successful projects since all employees will be treated equally irrespective of their gender, relations and ethnicity. If the company is a family business the bloodlines should be irrelevant and also no favoritism for this will form barriers to success. In O’ Malleys et al’s article on How to Create a Winning Culture, it states that â€Å"showing favoritism in the workplace

Opposition to Capital Punishment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Opposition to Capital Punishment - Essay Example This trend not only reflects the rise in criminal behavior in society but also underscores the government's intolerance to it. In addition, it also highlights the fact that capital punishment is no deterrent to criminal behavior. Though the statistics are alarmingly high they do not reveal the true extent of executions as many are carried out in secret, directly contravening United Nations standards. Every country has its own laws in convicting and sentencing criminals. With human rights organizations like the United Nations Commission on Human Rights and Amnesty International striving towards the goal of encouraging all countries to recognize the fundamental right for a human not to be executed, the death penalty issue is slowly changing laws worldwide. More and more countries have relaxed their capital punishment laws and established a moratorium on executions. As of 2003 all countries in the European Union who signed the Second Optional Protocol - established in 1991 - have abolished the death penalty (NSWCCL 2006). This protocol is one of the five international human rights treaties that make up the International Bill of Human Rights. Last year, five countries ratified it - Bhutan, Greece, Samoa, Senegal and Turkey have abolished the death penalty for all crimes bringing the total number of nations to have eradicated the practice to 120, outnumbering those that retain it. For countries that sustain the death penalty, the ICCPR (International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights) contains article 6 which stipulates minimum standards needed to be adopted in capital punishment cases (NSWCCL 2006). Those standards are: a) Death penalty should be imposed for the most serious crimes where there is clear and convincing evidence leaving no room for doubt as to the persons guilty of it. b) A mandatory process of appeal and clemency to higher jurisdictional courts should be allowed. c) Pregnant women, new mothers and the insane should not be executed. d) Juveniles (under 18) should not be executed. e) In all capital punishment cases those sentenced to death should have the right to seek pardon or commutation of sentence and any or both may be granted (OHCHR). While proponents say that the death penalty is the only way to keep society in check, there is little evidence that supports the view that capital punishment is a deterrent to criminal behavior. As of 2005, the rate of recidivism (the act of repeating an offence after experiencing a negative consequence - like prison time), in the US continues to be over 60% whereas in Britain it is 50% (Wikipedia 2006). While the US focuses on punishment and deterrence to keep potentially harmful persons out of society, Britain rehabilitates and educates its prisoners - thus the lower recidivism rate. A previous 1994 statistic suggests out of the 272,111 persons released from prison that year in 15 states in the US, over 67% were re-arrested for a crime within 3 years. 47% were reconvicted and 25% were re-sentenced to prison for a new crime (Bureau of Justice Statistics 2005). Clearly, prison time is no deterrent to offenders. When Canada abolished the dea

Cosmetic Surgery Essay Example for Free

Cosmetic Surgery Essay â€Å"I wish I had a twin, so I could know what Id look like without cosmetic surgery† a quote by Joan Rivers. She is an American famous person who has done so many cosmetic surgeries. Rivers most likely said this quote because she regretted about all of the cosmetic surgeries that she had. Cosmetic Surgery is a phenomenon that has increased over the past few years and became popular in everywhere on the world. Moreover, many people have been thinking of doing it because it sounds interesting that people can change how they look likes or to improve a normal part of their body appearance. One of the biggest reasons of why cosmetic surgery is so popular is that people are striving to become physically perfect. However, those people are not aware of the risks that can result from these kinds of surgeries. Cosmetic surgeries affect the emotions of people who go under the knife and make them addicted to it. Also, it is dangerous and isn’t worth the risk. Patients will possibly suffer from depression, and encounter emotional difficulties that are hard to overcome after cosmetic surgery. This psychological pressure lasts for a long time and sometimes forever. For example, Olesen mentions that one of the disadvantages of cosmetic surgery is including depression (3). Also, Iverson says that there are studies that say cosmetic surgery cause undesirable feeling for patient (1). As for my own experience, a year and half ago my sister have done a cosmetic surgery in her nose. She didn’t like how she looks like, so she felt so bad about herself and didn’t want to see anyone of her friends. So, my father had to take her to psychiatrist to make her feel better. Thus, these examples indicate that cosmetic surgeries cause the patient so much depression and that is really a big problem that might affect the patient life. Because the patient unused to the new look or difference, the patient might stay secluded and stop socializing with friends and people for long time. Also, the bandaging wouldnt take off before three months. Furthermore, the patient cannot judge the result before six months until it takes its natural form. So, between the periods after the surgery until the result takes its natural form the patient would stay long time without knowing how the result looks like. And that is going to let the patient in a state of depression because prevent the patient to communicate with people . In some cases the result fails to improve and the appearance looks worse than before the surgery. Under this circumstance, the patient goes to another level of emotional effects of depression to the feeling of isolation forever. Thus, it would be hard for the patient to adjust whether he/she likes the result or not because the patient has to undergo days or months of healing process. Sometimes, that wound take forever to heal. In sum, cosmetic surgeries certainly let the patients feel depressed and affect their emotions. Although cosmetic surgery causes a lot of emotional depression, this is not the only reason. One very serious addiction that is often overlooked is cosmetic surgery addiction. Unlike drug addicts who suffer from chemical addiction, cosmetic surgery addicts experience mental obsession to alter their bodies and faces. For instance, Sciarretto says Michael Jackson’s mother admitted that he was addicted to cosmetic surgery (1). Another example, Dr.  Samuels states, â€Å"After one surgery, addicts will find a reason to have a second, then a third and so on in their quest for perfection. The results they are after are unattainable†(4). In addition, Frankr states, â€Å"plastic surgery shouldnt be undergone because it can lead to addiction†(3). Hence, these three examples show cosmetic surgery is a serious problem that can really make patient to become addicted to it. Many of patients begin their journey simply wanting to correct a few specific anatomical issues, but progress to addiction after completing their initial surgical desires. When the patient does one cosmetic surgery and like the result of it, he or she would find a reason to do it again to look better. Similarly, if the patient doesn’t like the surgery result also would do it again until to get satisfied with the results of the surgery. Thus, in both cases whether the patient like the result or not would get addicted. In addition, once the first surgical operation was already done, second, third, fourth, and even more is easy to follow. The patients are always looking for perfection and would never satisfy with their looks because this is the nature of human. As has been noted, Michael Jackson is an evidence to prove this theory. Michael got addicted and he transforms his appearance hundred and eighty degrees. So, cosmetic surgery is grave problem that patient should be aware of before doing it because it have the ability to let the patient obsessed about it. As the case with any kind of surgery, cosmetic surgery does involve risk that in some cases death. In addition, isn’t worth the risk because it could take person’s life forever for unnecessarily reason. For example, Frankr says, â€Å"Just like any surgery, plastic surgery can be dangerous. They involve anesthesia, wound healing and other risks†(2). Another example, John writes an article about a woman named Kathleen Kelly Cregan who died while she was having a cosmetic surgery. So, these two examples show that cosmetic surgeries are not easy and carry risks that might lead to death. A risk that should be taken into consideration is that when cosmetic surgery is undergone and uses anesthesia. Anesthesia is put on a patient to sleep, and to numb the body so the patient won’t feel pain during the surgery. Even though anesthesia prevents pain during the surgery, it has its risks. There is no guarantee that the patient will wake up from the anesthesia, patient can fall into a coma, if not given the right amount of it and if not put in the right place. Furthermore, there is no surgeon who can guarantee that the surgery would succeed. There are always risks of things going amiss. I guarantee that if Cregan knew she would die because of a cosmetic surgery she wouldn’t do it because she could live without it. Doing cosmetic surgery isn’t worth the risk because it’s unimportant surgery that many people could live a happy life without it. Also, it carries risks that could take patient life forever. Cosmetic surgery being so popular and the idea of it sound good. However, many people are not aware of the side affects that can bring into their life. Additionally, it could turn patients life into depressed. Patients always want to perfect in their appearance, which is impossible to reach because this is the nature of human. Cosmetic surgeries have so many disadvantages and I just mentioned few of them.

A Study On The Sky X Devices

A Study On The Sky X Devices In todays worlds Connectivity is the most important thing. No matter where ever we are we need to keep ourselves connected with the world to keep ourselves updated. The world around us is changing at a rapid pace so if we dont keep up with it we would be left behind. One of the prime way by which we do this is internet. But there are places where Internet is not available. There are few places where due to terrestrial location or other reasons the internet availability is not possible or its prohibited. In todays world we feel like sharing whatever we can on the network, we share a lot of data on the network. We keep uploading the Videos on Youtube. We keep on adding our photo on the networking websites. Day by day our need for the bandwidth is increasing as our need to share and upload the data keeps on increasing. Here comes an option for this also its the communication using the satellites. The Geo-stationary satellite orbiting at an altitude of 36,000 kms can be used for this. Satellites can be used to carry our data traffic and they could be used to communicate with each other. But the problem with it was that the prevalent TCP protocol at that time did not have enough of technology advances to overcome the disadvantages of satellite communication as compared to its advantages. So the SKY-x technology was introduced, it provided a secure and fast way to transfer data through satellite. It was totally transparent to the users. In place of tcp protocol it used a new XTP protocol (Xpress Transport Protocol) .This new Protocol is optimize for the data transfer over Satellite. Problem with TCP: The data transfer using satellite is facing various problems like large latency rate and high Bit error rate with the Asymmetric design of the bandwidth of all satellite. Satellite is one of the best options in the upcoming days to communicate and transfer data. But there did not exist proper standards or Protocol for the transfer of the data. The currently used TCP Protocol was not optimized for the transfer of data over Satellite, due to which the High bandwidth provided by the Satellite mostly goes unused. This also reduces the throughput of the satellite transmission. So we were not able to fully utilize the benefits provided by the Satellite transmission. Where as the Satellite transmission was more prone to bit error caused due to the environmental changes. The TCP Protocol was designed so that they can give high performance and large throughput over local area network.TCP protocol had various feature for LPV6 which were specialized for the Optical fiber network. So network setup of Optical cables and using the TCP protocol were far more reliable and cheaper than transmission using TCP protocol over satellite. All the benefits which are incurred over the cable network by TCP Protocol are lost on the satellite transmission. TCP had a congestion avoidance algorithm/mechanism which were not suited for satellite transmission because satellite transmission had a long round trip. This long round trip was misinterpreted by the TCP as congestion and hence it reduces the transmission rate. This resulted in the wastage of the bandwidth provided by the Satellite transmission. Hence the Congestion avoidance algorithm used by the TCP is also a big problem in the Satellite transmission. The WINDOW SIZE Problem: The TCP protocol utilizes a sliding window mechanism to limit the total amount of data to be transfer over the network. When the window become full, the sender stops sending the data anymore until it receives the acknowledgment signal from the recevier.As the back channel speed is less on satellite using tcp protocol its very difficult to transfer data on satellite, So to avoid this TCP statically fix the size of window to 100 kb over the T1 satellite, which limits the total amount of bandwidth which we can use as compared to total provided by the satellite. Moreover many of the operating system uses a window size of 8 Kb which only provides us with a speed of 128 kbps per connection, which is very less as compared to bandwidth available over satellite. Thus window sizing mechanics reduces the transfer of the data over the Satellite. While the SK-x technology dose not use a fix window size of 8 Kb it uses the performance enhanced size of the window thus allowing us to fully utilize the bandwidth provided by the Satellite for the data which can be compressed SKY-x technology provides a better throughput rate than the simple cable network. Thus the SKY-x technology is much better than the TCP Protocol for the transfer of data over the satellite. SKY- x Technology: The SKY-x technology was developed by one of the worlds leaders in TCP/IP Protocol developer Mentat.The SKY-x technology Products replace the TCP protocol product to transfer data over Satellite. These Products are transparent to Users they behave the same way as the TCP Protocol product and they provide more security and Less Latency time while giving high throughput over satellite. It consists of SKY-x Gateway, SKY-x Client/Server, SKY-x OEM Products. The SKY-x gateway works in the same way as the TCP Gateway except that the Sky-x gateway intercepts the TCP signal and helps to convert it to the SKY-x protocol so that it can be used to transfer over the satellite. The SKY-x client are the same except that they need to be installed on the pcs of the local user to help them to connect using satellite. The SKY-x technology Protocol replaces the TCP Protocol used on Optical Fiber for the use on the satellite. Adding the SKY-x products into the network helps the user to efficiently use the full bandwidth provided by the satellite. The SKY-x products enhances the performance of the network transparently with out needing to change any thing over the client side or the server side. The SKY-x product increases the overall performance by thrice, while increases the files transfer by 10 to 100 times over the satellite. This product are enhanced version of the otherwise known TCP Performance enhancing (TCPPEP) Or the Satellite spoofer. The XTP protocol used was developed by the XTP forum a non profit organization. The SKY-x products divide the normal TCP connection into three different components: 1. The connection between the TCP client and the SKY-x gateway on the remote side of the network. 2. The Connection between two SKY-x gateway involving XTP protocol for the transfer of the data over the Satellite. 3. The Connection between the SKY-x Gateway and the TCP server on the other side of the network. Unicast versus Multicast: The fiber optic network used the unicast data transfer to send the data to all the clients it used to send the same copy of data to all the clients which a bit time consuming and waste a lot of bandwidth of the network. While the Unicast was not good for the satellite network. But the only multicast protocol available was UDP based. This UDP based protocol did not involve any method to detect the error in data transfer and to check the re-transmission of the data over the network. It even does not provide any mechanism to re-sequences the data packets sent over the network. This problem was overcome by the SKY-x multicast. It provides a reliable and secure way to multicast the data over the satellite. It provides fast efficient, reliable multicast file transfer. Any data that is lost or corrupted during the transmission is re-transmitted, providing transfer reliability rendering the special FEC software as a unnecessary thing. The SKY-x multicast fan out is an important part of the SKY-x Gateway. It transparently converts the TCP unicast data to the SKY-x multicast data. The SKY-x gateway can transfer the file to every remote location with just one multicast. As the SKY-x multicast is transparent to the user any device can transfer the data using the Multicast no matter whatever operating system it has without needing any special software. Below is a graph showing comparison between Unicast traffic and Multicast traffic: As shown in the graph Unicast transmission increases the traffic of the network considerably, whereas using multicast for the same no of users the traffic is 18th of the Unicast transmission. Thus the SKY-x technology also reduces the traffic over the high bandwidth Satellite Network. Thus SKY-x technology has overcome each and every Limitation of the TCP protocol hence providing us with an efficient way to connect using the Satellite. SPEED TCP versus SKY-x: The new technology used in the Sky-x products increases the performance as well as the speed of the network. The SKY-x products use a Fast start feature which enables it to establish new connection at a very fast speed. The HTTP Benchmark by the WEB Stone shows that for an 8 Mbps line having 50 simultaneous connections using a SKY-x gateway has an average response time of 0.7 to 1.1 sec which is much lowered as compared to the 3 sec time on a network using TCP protocol. Increased Throughput: The Sky-x Technology provides a high bandwidth even at a high bit error rate. It does so by compressing the data transmitted over the network. For a 10 Mbps satellite the TCP protocol is able to provide a small bandwidth of 1.5 Mbps while at an error rate of 1* 10-5 its bandwidth drops to as low as 0.03 Mbps. While on the other hand even at the above mentioned error rate the SKY-x products maintains a bandwidth of 5.8 Mbps when the data is not compressible, if the data is compressible it maintains a bandwidth of 15.1 Mbps. THE SKY-x Architecture: The SKY-x products or network have a SKY-x Gateway installed into the system. This gateway provided by the SKY-x helps to make the network transparent to the user, it transparently intercepts the TCP protocol transmitted by the user and convert it into the XTP (Xpress Transport Protocol) which is optimized for the Satellite transmission. Then on the other side it converts back the XTP protocol into the TCP protocol for the Server. So the client and the Server side in the Network remain unaware to all this translation. It requires no special change to be made on the part of the client or the Server in the Network, so all the applications the Program which were used previously keeps functioning on this network also. The XTP protocol also supports the TCP congestion avoidance algorithm to keep the terrestrial network stable and protected. The two Sky-x Gateway pass the data between each other as if there doesnt exists any intermediate link between client and the server. XTP protocol also provides a functionality called as Web pre-fetching. The Web Pre-fetch is used to fetch all the embedded objects in a web page whenever a client sends a request for even a simple html page. Then these embedded objects are made visible to the client as and when it is requested by the client thus avoiding the fetch time required for fetching it from the satellite. Thus the XTP protocol not only provides the security stability on the satellite network but it also considerably increases the speed of data transfer by using the Web Pre-fetch. XTP also provides an Accelerator which helps in speeding up the network traffic. It accelerates the XML and HTTP sessions, database synchronization as well as the transfer of the file Large or small between the client and the Server. Thus it helps in providing a better response time and throughput of the network. It also helps in speeding up the Database backups. It minimizes the re-transmission of data required due to error in it or due to the loss of data. Thus it also helps in the use of Satellite as a communication medium. SKY-x Products: Mentat was the first company to build a product having the sky-x technology. Mentat is leader in developing the products based on the TCP/IP protocol. Renowned Companies like Apple, IBM, Motorola, and Sony depend on the TCP/IP network software provided by Mentat. It launched various product named Mentat SKY-x XR10 Gateway. Mentat SKY-x XH45 Gateway. Mentat SKY-x XH155 Gateway. These products built by Mentat had the in built Accelerator to speed up the network traffic. The XR10 is designed to be used for the satellite which provides a link of 10 Mbps. Or it could also be used in combination with the other Mentat products like the XH45 which supports higher bandwidth links. The XH45 is designed for the satellite providing the link of 45 Mbps or it can also be used as a hub in a network having XR10 products. In the Same way Mentat also provides the SKY-x servers as SS10 SS45. The SKY-x SS10 server is used in the network having 10 Mbps links. While the SKY-x SS45 server is used in the network having the 45 Mbps links. Packeteer Mobiliti Technology: Packeteer is the Global Leader in Wan Application Optimization. In Todays World the users should be able to work from wherever there business demands. On the other hand the Companies should also provide their workers with the facility like LAN no matter wherever they are or they would be at a risk to lose many chances to carry out their business successfully. Packeteer came forward with a solution to this by integrating the SKY-x technology into its Mobility software. So the user can access the LAN from the remote location using there Desktops and Laptops. This Mobiliti software supports TCP file transfer automatic backup. It caches or saves the recently used document on the client side so as that the user can access them whenever needed even if the server is not available. This software is available in various languages like German, French, Chinese and Japanese. It also automatically configures the my document folder also provides and option to choose the location to store the recently used file by the user. Conclusion: Thus the new SKY-x technology is better than the TCP Protocol for Satellite transmission. The Sky-x Technology provides a large bandwidth as well as a fast data transfer on the satellite network. It has removed all the limitations which existed in the use of TCP for satellite transmission. Thus the SKY-x technology has opened a new horizon in the way we used to communicate with each other. Now we can use the Satellite as the medium of communication and remain connected with each other even at the most remote places on the earth. And this new SKY-x Technology also comes as a savior to us for our daily increasing bandwidth requirements. It provides a large bandwidth to transfer data on the network. Thus now we can connect to more places and also share more Data on the network.