Stay in Hometown or Move

After they complete their college contemplates, a few understudies live in the places where they grew up. Others live in various towns or urban communities. Which improve - ? living in your old neighborhood or living in a deferent town or city? Offer purposes behind your response. There are different reasons why a college understudy decided to remain in their old neighborhood or leave.Relocating to another city or a nation might be because of better Job openings, more secure condition for the family, and better personal satisfaction for the family. For the individuals who remained behind might be u to fulfillment inside the network, individual responsibility to work In and Improve the network, and the family Is profoundly Involved with the traditions and customs of the network for ages. An understudy profoundly established In the neighborhood customs decides to proceed to live and work In the network the individual in question grew up In.He may Introduce new ideas to Improve the voca tion and personal satisfaction of different individuals. Now and again It Is the fellowship among the individuals that makes the individual stay as opposed to seek after circumstances somewhere else. Then again. A few alumni pick to migrate looking for greener fields. On the off chance that the family were living in a dangerous domain that compromises their business, they would in all probability move. A superior area can give them a superior nature of life.They can have tranquility while seeking after their professions. Their youngsters can likewise move in their examinations since they are guaranteed that they are liberated from any damage. In synopsis, most college graduates would migrate to look for greener fields that offer a superior personal satisfaction for the entire family. For the individuals who remained behind they would prefer to work and add to the network where they experienced childhood in. 251 words (body)

Brand and Esprit Essay

America, 1968. Susie and Doug Tompkins are going through California in a station cart loaded up with custom made garments. Theirs is a flighty strategy for selling †from the rearward sitting arrangement of a vehicle †however even their absolute first clients are charmed, and one of the world’s best youthful design brands is conceived: Esprit. Overall achievement As the Esprit base camp created in Europe (Dã ¼sseldorf) and Asia (Hong Kong) during the 70s, the author organization Esprit USA progressively turned into an altogether independent organization. What started in Germany with youthful sportswear design for ladies showcased under the name of Esprit de Corp before long got one of the best youthful style marks on the European market. The American rights were repurchased in April 2002, and from that point forward the Esprit bunch has been one of not many worldwide organizations to hold 100% of a brand around the world. In the initial half year of the 2003/04 business year Esprit Holdings Limited accomplished united deals of 810 million Euro (per 31.12.03) †an amazing development of 32% contrasted with last financial year. The Esprit Holdings Limited offer cost is recorded on the Hong Kong stock trade (second posting in London), the Hang Seng list and the MCSI list Hong Kong, just as the FTSE All World Index for Hong Kong. Brilliant items A group of universal fashioners makes an interpretation of the Esprit characteristics into ordinary assortments self-assuredly, normally, beautifully and exotically: twelve assortments are created for six request dates for each year and product offering for Women Collection, Men Casual, Kids, edc youth, Shoes + Accessories and Esprit Sports Women, Men + Kids; the twelve edc and Women Casual assortments can be requested month to month. Four assortments are created a year for Esprit Bodywear and Men Collection. Despite the fact that the organization centers around the item and value/execution proportion, Esprit additionally puts persistently in quality and fit †exclusive expectations that are likewise kept up in fabricate. â€Å"Our clients anticipate that us should create contemporary, high caliber but moderate goods†, clarifies Heinz Krogner. â€Å"And in addition to the fact that we have to do as such, however we need to ensure we do so ceaselessly and over a significant stretch of time†. Worldwide picture The steady execution of the picture remembers an unmistakable appearance for the outside, and throughout recent years Esprit’s in-house â€Å"Image office† has been answerable for guaranteeing that the brand is appeared in a similar look everywhere throughout the world. This office is liable for creating and observing each mean of correspondence for publicizing, special exercises and retail location, and co-ordinates and does the goes for Esprit’s current picture crusades †to put it plainly, everything that outwardly speaks to the Esprit organization. The Global Image Office is situated in New York. Way of life reasoning The way of life thought is at the very heart of Esprit’s theory. From unadulterated item to by and large assistance methodology: since 1990 effective permit associations have upheld the organization on its worldwide advancement into a way of life gathering. Co-tasks with organizations with a solid market nearness have assisted with making what is currently a huge pool of Esprit licenses. Kindly observe â€Å"US permit partners† for more data. Quality first Esprit is a worldwide young way of life brand offering shrewd, moderate extravagance and breathing life into novelty and style. The Group offers 12 product offerings including women’s wear, men’s wear, kid’s wear, edc youth just as shoes and frill through more than 640 legitimately oversaw retail locations and more than 12,000 discount retail locations around the world, possessing more than 817,000 square meters straightforwardly oversaw retail space in excess of 40 nations. Esprit licenses its logo to outsider licensees that offer items bearing a similar Esprit quality and quintessence to buyers. Esprit additionally works the Red Earth restorative brand which incorporates beauty care products, healthy skin and body care items. â€Å"Penetrating into existing markets while entering new ones.† The Group will keep on infiltrating into existing markets and grow more current ones through discount appropriation directs in the new monetary year. More than 200 as sociation stores, 500 shop-in-stores and 700 personality corners are made arrangements for FY2005/2006. Europe In Europe, association stores will be utilized to pick up infiltration in center markets, for example, Germany, Benelux and France where the Esprit brand as of now has considerable brand nearness. Shop-in-stores and personality corners idea with retail chains and multi-name retailers will be utilized to enter new markets so as to limit capital consumption prerequisites. U.K., Italy and Spain will be the more current European markets of center for FY2005/2006. USA Esprit is confronted with troublesome occasions in its US tasks. Key retail chains have suspended offer of the brand (Nordstrom is the main significant store to convey Esprit and Dillard’s, Macy’s East, Macy’s West and Marshall Field’s have all gotten their last discount shipments), various authorizing understandings have been required to be postponed and the brand will stop US appropriation of Collection women’s suits and vocation attire, just as the whole men’s wear line. Moreover, three administrators have as of late surrendered. Having as of late reintroduced the brand in the US following a nonattendance of 15 years, Esprit is looking up to the way that brand acknowledgment isn't what it used to be and changes must be made. The organization goals to modify its US system, admitting that it had misconceived its notoriety there. â€Å"I have overestimated our image power in America,† said CEO Heinz Krogner. â€Å"Sixty percent of the ladies knew our image, however they didn’t see any importance. We have made mistakes.† [1] Asia Asia discount activities for the monetary year incorporate entering the India advertise just as extending the dissemination channels to obligation free stores in Thailand, the Philippines and Vietnam. In November 2005, Esprit declared that it will step up piece of clothing sourcing from India. The organization plans for another store in association with Madura Garments, some portion of the Birla Group, and sourcing from India will normally increment. Despite the fact that China and Taiwan are as yet the greatest wellspring of items for Esprit, the organization as of now sources items like shirts and pants from India. Esprit is expanding its endeavors to enter the Indian market, with the organization with Madura Garments denoting a starting to that exertion. Stores have just been propelled in Mumbai and Bangalore. COO Thomas Johannes Grote told the Economic Times that India would become â€Å"one of the most significant markets† for Esprit inside the following 10 to 12 years. W hat do they sell? Esprit Holdings Limited is occupied with the sourcing, retail and discount dissemination and authorizing of value and way of life items planned under the all around perceived Esprit brand name. It has been a recorded organization in Hong Kong since 1993 and has an optional posting on the London Stock Exchange since December 1998. Up to 2004 the Group has controlled retail space of more than 400,000 square meters in excess of 40 nations traversing 5 mainlands. It works around 630 straightforwardly oversaw retail locations and has more than 9,700 discount outlets. The brand Esprit has been a global way of life style brand name applied to a broad scope of 12 lines, covering women’s, men’s and children’s attire, footwear and adornments. Its fundamental line, â€Å"women’s casual† covers the biggest section of the brand’s portfolio (39% of complete turnover), speaking to most shoppers in view of its easygoing and sportswear for regular way of life. It comprises the most serious division of the portfolio. EDC ladies (13% of complete turnover), advances to slant cognizant ladies through a forward-thinking blend of things that fit women’s active way of life. In spite of the fact that it is one of the quickest developing sections in the organization, it isn't doing great thinking about the opposition. This is where Esprit misfortunes the race among huge shapers of the business, for example, Spanish ZARA and Swedish H&M. Men’s easygoing (11% of all out turnover) gives shrewd and urban wear to men. The structures join quality cutting with new style features and give the necessary unwinding fit to the socially cognizant after work. Authorized items bearing the Esprit name go from time wear, eyewear, gem and aroma, to bedding and other home items. Moreover, the Group possesses the Red Earth brand name and conveys its beauty care products, skin and body care items. Style organizations sell items, yet additionally relate to their clients through specific qualities. Esprit has been a pioneer in having an unmistakable personality and a gutsy hunger for sharing what they put stock in with their open. Coming up next are the fundamental characters inside the brand’s personality: The end buyer Esprit is an all around perceived brand, which contacts a major crowd, across 5 landmasses. In their own words, they are an energetic way of life brand that objectives clients with youthful mentality, not age. In spite of the fact that the brand tallies with 12 distinct lines, coordinated at ladies, men and kids, most clients are ladies, going somewhere in the range of 15 and 35 years of age. They go to the brand looking for young classy things that will never leave style. They have basic yet reviving taste. They are searching for the most part for jazzy, yet agreeable garments. They acknowledge Esprit’s quality apparel, which is consistently at a vote based cost. The brand checks with countless faithful clients. Its â€Å"e*club†, an online participation club which prizes rehashed buys and offers unique advancements and administrations, has a huge crowd over the globe. It is unthinkable

Left Brain vs Right Brain: Implications of Learning Essay

A left-mind prevailing person’s properties are not quite the same as that of a right-brained individual. This distinction makes these two gatherings have diverse learning styles. A left-mind prevailing will in general be better at spelling and math. This is on the grounds that this individual can see the entirety of the pieces. A right-mind predominant individual tends be better at composing, science, and different hands on subjects. A left-mind prevailing individual can get addresses. A right-mind prevailing individual improves nearby on exercises. It is significant for him to find and utilize the learning style that causes them to succeed scholastically. Withdrawn is believed to be brought about by cerebrum predominance. The best way to defeat being reserved is by the individual going out and making themselves awkward. Left Brain versus Right Brain: Implications of Learning For an understudy to adapt successfully, he should not just comprehend which learning style is the best for him, however he should comprehend the properties his mind strength plays. Left-cerebrum prevailing understudies are regularly increasingly effective with subjects, for example, math and science. A right-mind prevailing understudy is bound to prevail in subjects like shop, science, and different hands-on classes. This is on the grounds that mind predominance assists with deciding the student’s learning style. To completely comprehend the left-mind predominant individual, the qualities should initially be comprehended. By seeing these attributes the left-cerebrum predominant individual can be completely comprehend. As per On Purpose Associates (2012) the left-cerebrum prevailing individual is â€Å"logical, successive, reasonable, scientific, target, and takes a gander at parts† (para. 2). A left-mind prevailing individual is coherent. They tend not to think of inventive approaches to fix an issue. The result of this is the individual is restricted in answers for fix the issue. The individual tends not to think outside about the container. This individual’s considerations are composed. Their brain resembles a perfect office. Everything in the workplace is slick and sorted out. All the documents in the workplace are marked. The records being sorted out in the workplace is the successive attribute. The records are composed in a specific request. The individual realizes where everything is in the workplace. The individual is discerning. This individual will in general comprehend things as they seem to be. It makes since to them since they are consistent. The left-cerebrum predominant individual is expository. This individual can isolate the various pieces to investigation the subject. This predominance can be objective. They can relate questions comprehend the whole picture. Templeton (2013) found that â€Å"In composing, it is the left-cerebrum that focuses on mechanics, for example, spelling, understanding, and accentuation. However, the correct side focuses on lucidness and implying that is, your correct mind discloses to you it ‘feels right’† (para. 6). A left-mind prevailing individual experiences more difficulty composing. This is on the grounds that the individual experiences difficulty catching the importance of what the individual needs to state inside his announcement. The individual may begin his contention yet may not complete it. This is because of the absence of having the option to catch what is expected in light of importance. Templeton (2013) demonstrates that a left-cerebrum prevailing individual is bound to be a superior speller. Math issues will be simpler for this individual. The left-mind predominant individual can do a math issue all together seeing how to find to the solution. Science classes are commonly simpler, in light of the fact that the individual can work out the test piece by piece (para. 3, 5, and 6). This causes him to make it to the end state simpler. The right-mind predominant individual as per On Purpose Associates (2012) is â€Å"random, natural, all encompassing, combining, emotional, takes a gander at wholes† (para. 2). A right-mind prevailing individual is arbitrary. There is no arrangement or goal. The individual goes arbitrarily starting with one errand then onto the next. The individual doesn't keep a sorted out calendar. A right-mind predominant individual is imaginative. This individual can look outside of the case for answers for an issue. A left-cerebrum predominant individual is more averse. This individual doesn't separate things to investigation the various parts. The individual just observes the comprehensive view. The right-mind predominant individual lets others push him around. He considers things to be they are and doesn't challenge them. A right-cerebrum predominant individual considers everything to be an entirety. The individual just observes the endpoint. He may not comprehend anything in the middle. Templeton (2013) recommends that a right-mind individual is more averse to have the option to gain successfully from a talk (para. 2). Most talks don't arrive at the resolution until the end. The explanation is on the grounds that one of the attributes of a right-cerebrum prevailing individual is considering everything to be an entirety. A talk can be hard for him to grasp. The understudy begins with the appropriate response working in reverse. Templeton (2013) recommends that right-cerebrum prevailing understudies will prevail in classes that are hands-on (para. 5). Classes, for example, science, carpentry, mechanics, and shop are on the whole instances of classes where right-mind predominant understudies will adapt viably. Right-mind predominant understudies will likewise be effective recorded as a hard copy papers. This unmistakably shows the student’s mind predominance is a factor when a learning style is concerned. â€Å"Each understudy forms and retains new data in an alternate manner. Distinguishing learning styles and encouraging those learning styles can build scholarly accomplishment and improve perspectives towards learning† (Green, 1999, p. 684). Every understudy needs to figure out what his best inclining style is. The learning style decides how well and how quick they can hold the data. Alterations can be made to improve the student’s learning capacity. Bransford, Brown, and Cocking (1999) recommends that various strategies can be utilized in subjects, for example, math for the understudy to more readily comprehend the subject (p. 169). In math models can be utilized to clarify the condition and the means to find the solution. For addresses instructors can give foundation data preceding the introduction. This will enable a few understudies to work in reverse to have the option to see the end. Left-mind predominant understudies working on composing, will encounter an expansion in their composing capacity. Pfabigan, Alexopoulos, and Sailer (n. d. ) propose that it is conceivable that a person’s prevailing side of the mind can make them be standoffish, however isn't likely. The outcomes from the investigation are excessively close for the privilege and left half of the globe of the mind, to discover that antisocialism is from cerebrum predominance (para. 12). It’s almost certain that antisocialism is hereditary, not from mind strength. Being standoffish can be contrasted with a dread. The main method of defeating a dread is be doing it. For somebody that is standoffish the best activity is go out and conquered it. That individual should converse with the outsider in line at the supermarket. When on an extended get-away the individual should converse with outsiders. The individual should put themself out there. Taking everything into account left and right-cerebrum predominance can influence the manner in which somebody learns. Somebody who is left-mind prevailing is increasingly sensible. Their contemplations and mind process is slick and composed. The left-cerebrum predominant individual is bound to have issues composing. This can be beaten like any shortcoming. The right-mind prevailing individual is inventive. He can look outside of the circumstance to take care of the issue. He isn't driven principally by rationale. The right-cerebrum prevailing individual may have issues following talks. The talk may lose the student’s intrigue. He is a hands-on student. He should be a piece of an exhibit, or get things done with his hands to completely get ideas. A class, for example, science that is for the most part hands on exercises is a superior class for somebody who is correct cerebrum predominant. The most ideal approach to learn is for the understudy to realize his learning style and use it. Withdrawn people is more and likely hereditary. The understudy can conquer this test. The understudy should work at it, however like whatever else this can change. References Bransford, J. ; Brown, L. ; and Cocking R. (1999). How People Learn: Brain, Mind, Experience, and School. Washington, D. C. : National Academic Press. Recovered from http://site. ebrary. com/lib/apus/docDetail. activity? docID=10038789 Green, F. (1999). Cerebrum and learning research: Implications for addressing the necessities of different students. Training, 119(4), 682-687. Doi: 196424120 On Purpose Associates. (2012). Right Brain versus Left Brain. Funderstanding. com Retrieved June 8, 2013, from http://www. funderstanding. com/cerebrum/right-mind versus left-mind/

Deir El Medina Role of Workers Essay Example

Deir El Medina Role of Workers Paper Antiquated History: Deir El-Medina The Role Of Workers Deir El-Medina is an old Egyptian town which was the home to the craftsmans that chipped away at the tombs in the Valley of the Kings during the eighteenth to twentieth administrations of the New Kingdom time frame (1550-1080 BCE). The towns antiquated name was â€Å"Set Maat† which implies â€Å"the spot of truth†, the laborers who lived there were called â€Å"servants in the spot of truth†. From the proof found all through the antiquated site it is realized that the Deir El-Medina individuals carried on with a superior, progressively favored life to the individuals who lived in the rest of Egypt. The site of the town has left perhaps the best wellspring of archeological and composed proof. The proof gives an extraordinary understanding into the lives and schedules of the local individuals. Antiquities recuperated from the site likewise give us a nitty gritty relate of the town individuals, their convictions, interests, ways of life, clashes and regular day to day existence. The occupants of Deir El-Medina were there for the spirit motivation behind the structure of the tombs for the Pharaohs in the Valley of the Kings. The craftsmans that took a shot at the tombs were otherwise called ‘men of the gang’. A pack may shift in size from 48 to upwards of 120, contingent upon the advancement of the tombs development. Each posse incorporated the accompanying †¢ Foreman and his appointee †¢ Scribe †¢ Stonemasons †¢ Carpenters †¢ Plasterers †¢ Draftsmen †¢ Master-artists †¢ Painters †¢ Sculptors †¢ Guardians †¢ Doorkeepers The specialists worked an eight-hour move which was isolated into a morning and evening meeting, during a multi day work week and with just 2 days off. As indicated by sources, when the men had off they returned home to chip away at their own tombs. We will compose a custom exposition test on Deir El Medina Role of Workers explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Deir El Medina Role of Workers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Deir El Medina Role of Workers explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The extraordinary ability of the laborers has been respected since the beginning. During their time of making tombs it is obvious that they’re procedures improved, yet the genuine aptitude of the skilled workers is appeared in their very own tombs. Most of their tombs were considerably progressively lavish then those they worked for their rulers, this can be found in the tombs of Ipuy, Meryt, Kha and the tomb of Senedgem and his significant other. The laborers were paid in grain and different things like fish, vegetables, water, oil and salt. On unique events like celebrations which were very regular in Deir El-Medina, they were given an occasion and rewards which were at times additional nourishments and different extravagances. In some cases when the work on the tombs hindered the laborers got laid off yet needed to get by doing different things just to endure. The skilled workers were regularly utilized to do other essential assignments. They likewise expanded their pay by taking private charges which permitted the laborers to build tombs and internment products for themselves, their families and other private people. There were additionally records found of the locals purchasing and selling merchandise between themselves. The town of Deir El-Medina is an interesting town as opposed to the remainder of Egypt. The town had an astonishing measure of balance among men and lady, notwithstanding the occasions they lived in. The archeological remains leave an incredible imprint on present day, and the proof and relics discovered give us a knowledge into an antiquated civilisation and a gander at the uncommon ability of the specialists. Reference index http://landing page. powerup. com. au/~ancient/dem. htm http://www. hethert. organization/DeirelMedina. htm Antiquity 1, Ancient History course reading http://en. wikipedia. organization/wiki/Deir_el-Medina

Free College Essay Topics - Looks Up Topic Examples

Free College Essay Topics - Looks Up Topic ExamplesIf you're having trouble coming up with a good topic for your college essay, you may be in luck because there are thousands of topics out there that you can use. Whether you're looking for topics for high school or college, these topics are available for both.The number one way to come up with a topic is to do a search online. You'll be surprised at how many topics are out there. Also, you'll find that the topics are all available for free.Many sites offer very specific topic listings as well. For example, the topic for 'Advanced Business Writing' is a detailed list of all the books and materials you need to write an essay about this topic.If you're in a hurry, these sites will offer you material immediately so you can move on to your assignment or you can use the material right away. Another great feature that these sites offer is a writing evaluation where you can use their particular focus group to help you find good topics.The be st places to look for topics for your essays are online magazines and newspapers. These sources will often carry essay topics, but you need to know where to look to get the best ones.One thing to keep in mind when looking for topics is that not all topics are written in English. Some sites that provide essay topics in other languages will include an English language version as well.The most common categories for subjects you will find in college will be the humanities and social sciences. These are very popular subjects and will make your topic look better.Look for some topic examples from colleges and universities, magazines, and newspapers for sample essay samples. By following these easy steps, you'll be able to use the right topic for your college essay without too much difficulty.

How Lucrezia Marinella Disproves Misogynists’ Arguments - Literature Essay Samples

The feminist reader would enjoy Lucrezia Marinella’s The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men, written in 1600. In her work, Marinella ridicules men’s arguments for the defects and vices of women by making equally preposterous arguments for the fact that women are actually superior to men, and that it is men who are defective and vindictive—more so than women.[1] She effectively and continually turns men’s words against them, using the same sources and authorities. More importantly, this work is a direct attempt to enlighten the misogynist reader and empower the female one; in short, Marinella wrote this piece in the hopes of realizing social change. To highlight the intensity of Marinella’s effort, one might compare this work to Christine de Pizan’s The Book of the City of Ladies, written two centuries previously. De Pizan concerns herself less with men’s behavior than she does with depicting female virtue as a universal phenomenon.[2] Although she does allude to several vices and hypocrisies of men, de Pizan focuses on listing as many virtuous women as possible. Marinella, at some portions, makes similar lists, often using the same examples as Boccaccio and de Pizan. But these are brief sections, as her objective is to thoroughly refute arguments against women’s goodness rather than present what might seem to be exceptions to a general rule. Further, Marinella is writing in response to a particular work: Dei deonnschi difetti (1599) by Giuseppe Passi.[3] His work is one of many in the philosophical and literary tradition of misogyny. Although this work moves Marinella to compose her The Nobility and Excellence of Women, she also addresses many other authorities, including Aristotle. Marinella’s treatise surpasses all others of its kind; no woman before Marinella had been able to create such layered arguments using so many sources, as well as manage to attack men for the same accusations they make against women.[4] Furthermore, Marinella determines how exactly men form their arguments, and uses exactly the same method to form hers, with delectable results. It is in this way that Marinella attempts to effect change. By using the ludicrous argument form, men cannot claim that her arguments are fallacious without making hypocrites of themselves, for they use the same reasoning she does throughout the book. So they must either concede to Marinellas conclusions or they must find another means or foundation upon which to base their claims. Through her arguments and proofs, Marinella shows that the attack on women’s vices is unfounded and hypocritical; thus, she â€Å"wins† the debate if no one can refute her treatise as wholly as she refutes Passi’s. Furthermore, like the men against whom she argues, Marinella adjusts references to suit to her own ends, apparently deliberately misunderstanding some sources.[5] Essentially, Marinella cherry-picks her sources for only good women and their deeds, as well as â€Å"understands† metaphors and allegories using feminine figures to be real women (e.g., Plato’s Hydra ). Marinella divides her work into two parts, the first to refute allegations against womanhood, and the second to attack men. It is a thoroughly long work. She writes that the first part will be divided into six principal chapters, of which the fifth alone will contain enough for eleven separate sections†¦The second part she divides into thirty-five chapters.[6] Although this book review covers a selected translation, the passages are salient and reveal much about Marinella’s style of attack. Her primary method is to invert arguments. Typically, male writers in this time did not praise men, taking for granted that any vituperation of woman in effect highlighted male excellence without so saying.[7] Marinella disproves the binary, or rather flips it on its head, as she makes no distinction between good and wicked men—the same neglect men have shown. In fact, Marinella writes that â€Å"it is most reprehensible of [men] to jump from the particular to the universal,â⠂¬  and that an appropriate title would be â€Å"the defects of wicked women.†[8] And yet the title of the second part of her work is The Defects and Vices of Men, not of wicked men. All this is at the crux of Marinella’s methodical proofs. She goes on, throughout the book, to make three main arguments: the first is etymological; the second pertains to poetic beauty; and the third is an extensive list of wicked and defective men. Marinella makes a case for the superiority of women by calling to attention several respectable and noble titles: Donna, Femina, Eva, Isciah, and Mulier.[9] For each, she discusses the etymology and meanings, and even brings up how some men appropriate and masculinize the terms (i.e., donna to don). One of her more salient etymological arguments has to do with femina, which Marinella claims â€Å"denotes reproduction or generation†¦[which] of all human acts, is one of the most worthy, and it can only be performed by perfect beings such as women.†[10] To summarize her argument, she equates each term, respectively, to â€Å"Life, Fertility, Fire, Mercy, and Dominion.†[11] Related to this appeal to title is that men pay honor to women who hold such titles as â€Å"lady,† â€Å"madam,† and so on. Marinella writes that â€Å"the object of such honor is always more nobler than the person who honors them.†[12] Although she conveniently leaves out the fact that there are women who honor men, I am hard-pressed to find an example which does not stem from expected and enforced obedience, except perhaps curtseying to a lord. The Petrarchan tradition inspires Marinella’s second argument. She points out that God created everything, all of which have differing degrees of perfection.[13] Interestingly, Marinella takes this idea further and argues that souls are not equal—that is, some souls are superior to others.[14] In another inversion of the binary, Marinella places women’s souls above men’s, stating that outward beauty directly reflects inner beauty (i.e., the soul).[15] As proof of this, Marinella uses great poets as authoritative sources, writing that â€Å"the greatest poets teach us†¦the more beautiful the woman, the more they affirm that it is her soul that renders grace and loveliness to her body.†[16] She asks: â€Å"if women are more beautiful than men, who†¦are generally coarse and ill-formed, who can deny that they are remarkable?† Marinella answers her own question thusly: â€Å"compared to women all men are ugly;†[17] ergo, women are nobler than men. But Marinella does not stop here. In order to be sure that her argument is solid and irrefutable, she reminds her audience that beauty, which comes from the soul, is divine, and divine attributes cannot lend themselves to evil.[18] Although logically Marinella’s argument is unsound, it follows the same pattern men use, and is no more ludicrous than theirs. Marinella dedicates the second half of her work to criticizing men for the same faults they find in women. But before she begins her litany, Marinella makes sure the reader understands why men slander women as they do: the reasons include â€Å"anger, self-love, envy, and insufficient intelligence.†[19] Any given slanderer, then, could be afflicted with any one or a combination of these vices which drive them to condemn the fairer sex. Marinella goes so far as to compare men to a weathercock that changes each time the wind blows.[20] Essentially, she makes many arguments from all kinds of disciplines, including history, medicine, and philosophy. As Christine de Pizan lists good women throughout her The Book of the City of Ladies, Marinella lists bad men throughout The Defects and Vices of Men. She has many examples of men who represent a variety of sins. These men are wrathful, brutal, obstinate, ungrateful, discourteous, fickle, inconstant, evil, hateful, ornate, polished, pa inted, bleached, envious, and murderous;[21] better, Marinella universalizes these traits in men. Proving that men are just as likely to be wicked and vain as women upsets the binary once again. If all men are not virtuous, then it must be that all women are not wicked. Marinella makes a compelling case, historical inaccuracies and unsoundness aside. Marinella skillfully refutes many arguments from many different misogynists throughout her book. She not only defends her own sex, but also attacks the other, calling to attention men’s hypocrisy. Marinella uses men’s argument forms against them; she wields the same sources and authorities, leaving no stone unturned—and creating stones to overturn as needed; and she leaves traces of biting sarcasm and deep contempt that greatly appeals to a modern reader. Misogynists who seriously try to refute her claims would have a very difficult time of it—which is perhaps why no one has attempted it. Endnotes [1] Marinella, Lucrezia. The Nobility and Excellence of Women and the Defects and Vices of Men. Translated by Anne Dunhill. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999, p. 38.[2] ibid., p. xvii[3] ibid., p. 2[4] ibid. [5] ibid., p. 89, footnote 65: â€Å"Marinella appears to be adjusting a reference to suit her own ends;† p. 90, footnote 74: â€Å"†¦as so often, Marinella appears deliberately to misunderstand [a reference].†[6] ibid., p. 41.[7] ibid., p. 19 – 20.[8] ibid., p. 127.[9] ibid., p. 46.[10] ibid., p. 49.[11] ibid., p. 51.[12] ibid., p. 69.[13] ibid., p. 52 – 53.[14] ibid., p. 55.[15] ibid., p. 57, â€Å"†¦the nobility of the soul can be judged from the excellence of the body—which is ornamented with the same character and beauty as the soul†¦Ã¢â‚¬ [16] ibid.[17] ibid., p. 62 – 63.[18] ibid., p. 66.[19] ibid., p. 119.[20] ibid., p. 162.[21] ibid., Taken from the titles of the chapters in Part II, which s ums up her arguments nicely.

What is a Lemma

In morphology and lexicology, the form of a word that appears at the beginning of a dictionary or glossary entry: a headword. The lemma, says David Crystal, is essentially an abstract representation, subsuming all the formal lexical variations which may apply (Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics, 2008). The Lemma Explained by Malliday and Yallop The lemma is the base form under which the word is entered [in a dictionary] and assigned its place: typically, the stem, or simplest form (singular noun, present/infinitive verb, etc.). Other forms may not be entered if they are predictable (such as the plural bears, not given here); but the irregular past forms of the verbs are given (irregular in the sense that they do not follow the default pattern of adding -ed) and there is also an indication under cut that the t must be doubled in the spelling of inflected forms like cutting. An irregular form may appear as a separate lemma, with cross-reference. This dictionary [the two-volume New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, 1993] has such an entry for borne v. pa. pple ppl a. of BEAR v., indicating that borne is the past participle and participial adjective of the verb bear. (M. A. K. Halliday and Colin Yallop, Lexicology: A Short Introduction. Continuum, 2007) Lemmas and Lexemes The conventional term lemma is currently used in corpus research and psycholinguistic studies as quasi-synonymous with lexeme. But lemma cannot be confused with lexemes. For example, the editors of the British National Corpus warn users that items such as phrasal verbs, that is, verbs containing two or three parts like turn out, or look forward to, which lexicologists treat as lexical units, can only be accessed through separate lemmas. In the case of turn out, it contains two lemmas, and in that of look forward to, three. Also, homonymic distinction is not always established by the editors of lists containing lemmas (Leech, Rayson and Wilson 2001).However, a lemma does resemble the lexeme concept in other ways. Linguistic corpora allow for two basic searches, one of which produces lemmatized word lists, that is word lists containing lemmas, and another one containing unlemmatized word lists, that is word lists containing word forms. . . .Finally, dictionary headwords cannot always b e identified with lexemes. For instance, the headword bubble, in a dictionary like the OALD [Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary] includes information about the noun bubble and the verb bubble within the same entry. For a lexicologist, these represent two different lexemes.(Miguel Fuster Mà ¡rquez, English Lexicology. Working with Words: An Introduction to English Linguistics, ed. by Miguel Fuster and Antonia Sà ¡nchez. Universitat de Valà ¨ncia, 2008) The Morphological Status of Lemmas What is the morphological status of lemmas? Several hypotheses have been set forth, for example: 1) that every word (free form), including inflectional forms and word-formations, has its own entry and corresponds to a lemma; a weaker one is2) that not all words have their own entry, i.e. regular inflectional forms and perhaps word-formations make up a part of the entry of the base and are accessed via that base;3) that stems or roots, rather than free-standing forms, form the lemma, independently of whether other forms derived from these are regular or not. (Amanda Pounder, Processes and Paradigms in Word Formation Morphology. Mouton de Gruyter, 2000) Measuring Lemma Frequency [T]here is a problem with word frequency in that it is unclear what the correct measure of frequency is. There exists a number of different ways of counting word frequency and these are not theory neutral. . . .One example is lemma frequency; this is the cumulative frequency of all the word form frequencies of words within an inflectional paradigm. The lemma frequency of the verb help, for example, is the sum of the word form frequencies of help, helps, helped and helping. In accounts of language processing in which regular inflectional forms are decomposed and map onto root morphemes, we would expect the frequency of the root to be more critical for determining response latencies than word form frequency and hence the lemma frequency would play a prominent role.Accounts in which other complex forms are also decomposed (e.g., inflections, derivations and compounds) will instead emphasise the cumulative morpheme frequency, which is the sum of the frequencies of all the complex words i n which a root morpheme appears. For example, the cumulative morpheme frequency of help would be the sum of the lemma frequency of help plus the lemma frequencies of helpful, helpless, helplessness etc. Another measure, family size, is the number of word types in which a morpheme occurs, rather than the number of tokens in it. The word help has a family size of ten.(Michael A. Ford, William D. Marslen-Wilson, and Matthew H. Davis, Morphology and Frequency: Contrasting Methodologies. Morphological Structure in Language Processing, ed. by R. Harald Baayen and Robert Schreuder. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003)